A set of radio devices and technologies are opening the doorway to new and revolutionary forms of communication. These have the potential to break down the over-reliance on traditional network hierarchies, and present collaborative alternatives where resistance to censorship, control and surveillance are baked into the network topography itself. Here, we look at a few of these technologies and what they might mean for the future of networked communications.

The idea of what is broadly referred to as mesh networking isn’t new: the resilience and scalability of mesh technology has seen it adopted in router and IoT protocols for decades. What’s new is cheap devices that can be used without a radio license to communicate over (relatively) large distances, or LOng RAnge, thus the moniker LoRa.

Although using different operating frequencies in different countries, LoRa works in essentially the same way everywhere. It uses Chirp Spread Spectrum to broadcast digital communications across a physical landscape, with a range of several kilometers in the right environmental conditions. When other capable devices pick up a signal, they can then pass it along to other nodes until the message reaches its desitination—all without relying on a single centralized host. 

These communications are of very low bit-rate—often less than a few KBps (kilobytes per second) at a distance—and use very little power. You won’t be browsing the web or streaming video over LoRa, but it is useful for sending messages in a wide range of situations where traditional infrastructure is lacking or intermittent, and communication with others over dispersed or changing physical terrain is essential. For instance, a growing body of research is showing how Search and Rescue (SAR) teams can greatly benefit from the use of LoRa, specifically when coupled with GPS sensors, and especially when complimented by line-of-sight LoRa repeaters.

Meshtastic

The most popular of these indie LoRa communication systems is Meshtastic by far. For hobbyists just getting started in the world of LoRa mesh communications, it is the easiest way to get up, running, and texting with others in your area that also happen to have a Meshtastic-enabled device. It also facilitates direct communication with other nodes using end-to-end encryption. And by default, a Meshtastic device will repeat messages to others if originating from 3 or fewer nodes (or “hops”) away. This means messages tend to propagate farther with the power of the mesh collaborating to make delivery possible. As a single-application use of LoRa, it is an exciting experiment to take part in.

Reticulum

While Reticulum is often put into the same category as Meshtastic, and although both enable communication over LoRa, the comparison breaks down quickly after that. Reticulum is not a single application, but an entire network stack that can be arbitrarily configured to connect through existing TCP/IP, the anonymizing I2P network, directly through a local WiFi connection, or through LoRa radios. The Reticulum network’s LXMF transfer protocol allows arbitrary applications to be built on top of it, such as messaging, voice calls, file transfer, and light-weight, text-only browsing. And that’s only to name a few applications which have already been developed—the possibilities are endless.

Although there are a number of community hubs to join which are being run by Reticulum enthusiasts, you don’t have to join any of them, and can build your own Reticulum network with the devices and transports of you and your friends, locally over LoRa or remotely over traditional infrastructure, and bridge them as you please. Nodes themselves are universally addressed and sovereign, meaning they are free to connect anywhere and not lose the universally unique address which defines them. All communications between nodes are encrypted end-to-end, using a strong choice of cryptographic primitives. And although it’s been actively developed for over a decade, it recently reached the noteworthy milestone of a 1.0 release. It’s a very exciting ecosystem to be a part of, and we can’t wait to see the community develop it even further. A number of clients are available to start exploring.

Resilient Infrastructure

On a more somber note, let’s face it: we live in an uncertain world. With the frequency of environmental disasters, political polarization, and infrastructure attacks increasing, the stability of networks we have traditionally relied upon is far from assured.

Yet even with the world as it is, developers are creating new communications networks that have the potential to help in unexpected situations we might find ourselves in. Not only are these technologies built to be useful and resilient, they are also empowering individuals by circumventing censorship and platform control— allowing a way for people to empower each other through sharing resources.

In that way, it can be seen as a technological inheritor of the hopefulness and experimentation—and yes, fun!—that was so present in the early internet. These technologies offer a promising path forward for building our way out of tech dystopia.